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Side by Side Legislative Comparison Tool
Kaiser Family Foundation — review healthcare bills side-by-side with this legislative comparison tool.

State/Local Info
StateHealthFacts.org — provides the latest state-level data on demographics, health, and health policy, including health coverage, access, financing, and state legislation and budgets.

The Commonwealth Fund State Scorecard, 2009 — Use the map to view state-specific rankings and results compared to benchmarks, and to view the number of lives and dollars each state could save by achieving benchmark levels of performance. Use the tool on the right to select years, performance indicators, and states for comparison and then generate custom, downloadable tables and bar charts.

District by District Impact of HB 3962 — the 2-pagers include information on the impact of the legislation on each district’s small businesses, seniors in Medicare, health care providers, and the uninsured. It also includes an estimate of the impacts of the surtax that is used to pay for the legislation.

Fundamental Theory
“The Cost of Failure to Enact Health Reform” – 9/30/2009 — Urban Institute Report takes a state-by-state look at the impact that failing to reform health care would have on insurance coverage, government, employer and family spending report (Texas is on p. 57)

“Insurance Reform: Leveling the Playing Field? Should there be a new federal law and regulations to broaden coverage and make the market work better for individuals and small businesses?” – 10/2009 — Health Affairs/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation brief takes a close look at potential health insurance reforms, explaining what different proposed reforms could mean for individuals and the country as a whole

“Connecting American Values with Health Reform” – 2009 — 11 essay set on American foundational values and their policy implications as they relate to healthcare reform — Hastings Center

Fiscal Impact/Cost-Savings
“Health Care Reform: The Perils of Inaction and the Promise of Effective Action” – 09/2009 — Hewitt Associates

“Bending the Curve: Effective Steps to Address Long-Term Health Care Spending Growth” – 09/2009 — Brookings Institute

" The Cost of Current “Policy”" – 09/2009 — US Budget Watch provides long-term deficit projections under current law and current policy

"Options to Pay for Health Care Reform" – 07/2009 — US Budget Watch offers over 60 tax and spending options which could help pay for the costs of health care reform.

“Different Measures for Analyzing Current Proposals to Reform Health Care” – 10/2009 – Congressional Budget Office (CBO) — details the CBOs methodology for analyzing the fiscal impact of reform on federal budget deficits and on the magnitude of the federal budgetary commitment to health care

US Budget Watch, A Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget Project — Provides financial analysis of Congressional legislation including a summary of major metrics (such as cost of coverage provisions and deficit projections), healthcare costs and savings, gross cost of coverage provisions by year, the impact of the legislation on insurance coverage, and the budgetary impact by year Projected Federal Medicare and Medicaid spending under current law

“Health Insurance Fraud: An Overview” – 06/2009 — George Washington University Medical Center School of Public Health and Health Services, Department of Health Policy -Assesses fraud-related losses as a percentage of annual health care spending concluding that those losses alone are enough to cover the uninsured. Delves into the notion of health care fraud as a systemic issue affecting public and private insurers alike, in the individual market, the employer-sponsored group market, and public programs.

Small Business
“Health Reform and Small Businesses” – 11/2009 — Congressional Research Service

“The Economic Impact of Healthcare Reform on Small Business” – 06/2009 Small Business Majority

“The Economic Effects of Health Care Reform on Small Business and Their Employees” – 07/2009 — Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisors

"The High Cost of Small Business Health Insurance: Limited Options, Limited Coverage" — Hearing Before the Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations United States House of Representatives –Testimony by Linda J. Blumberg, Urban Institute, covering the health insurance challenges facing small businesses and their workers Abstract, Full Testimony

Employer Provided Health Insurance (ESI)
“Microhistory of Employee Benefits and Compensation in the United States, 1636-2009” – 09/2009 – Hewitt Associates

“Importance of Preserving and Strengthening Employer-Based Health Care System” – 05/2009 – Written Statement by Kenneth L. Sperling ,Hewitt Associates for the Senate Finance Committee Roundtable Discussion On Expanding Coverage in Self-Insured and Fully Insured Markets

“Tax Subsidies for Private Health Insurance - Who Benefits and at What Cost?” – 07/2009 Update - Robert Wood Johnson Foundation presents essential information about the structure and distribution of existing tax subsidies for employer-sponsored insurers (ESI) and the implications for policy options.

“Health Savings Accounts and High-Deductible Health Insurance Plans -Implications for Those with High Medical Costs, Low Incomes, and the Uninsured” – 02/2009 — Urban Institute and Brookings Institute Institution Tax Policy Center examines the tax structure and incentives built into HSAs and looks at HSAs impact on cost-containment, higher value shopping, and reductions in the uninsured.

Employer Mandates –“Shared Responsibility”: Should employers be required either to pay a substantial share of their employees’ health insurance or to subsidize coverage of the uninsured? – 08/2009 – Health Affairs/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - Explores the concept of an employer mandate as well as the current state of employer-sponsored insurance (ESI)

Taxing Employer-Provided Insurance
“Taxing Health Insurance Plans Debate” – 07/2009 — Health Affairs/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - Brief explores both sides of the debate over taxing health insurance benefits to pay for expanded coverage

“Changes to the Tax Exclusion of Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance Premiums: A Potential Source of Financing for Health Reform,” – 06/2009 — Urban Institute -Estimates the amount of revenue that could be raised from a range of proposals to cap or eliminate the tax exclusion, as well as which households would bear the brunt of taxation

Taxing Adjusted Gross Income Instead of Taxable Income – 08/2009 — Urban Institute and Brookings Institute Institution Tax Policy Center –Contains calculations for the proposed new surtax on high income individuals (shows the ratio to AGI of income taxed at ordinary rates, taxable income, capital gains and dividends, and exemptions and deductions for different income groups)

Exchanges and the Public Option
“Explaining Health Care Reform: What Are Health Insurance Exchanges?” – 05/2009 – Kaiser Foundation

“Health Insurance Exchanges -Organizing Health Insurance Marketplaces to Promote Health Reform Goals” – 04/2009 — Urban Institute/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – reviews some of the key problems facing purchasers of insurance — whether they be individuals or employers — and outlines whether and how a public health insurance exchange might address them.

“Lessons for Health Reform from the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Issue Brief” – 08/2009 – Urban Institute discusses exchanges and lessons learned using the FEHB as a model for such a marketplace, the nation’s largest employer-sponsored health plan, to non-federal employees or replicating its features nationally is not feasible, lessons can be drawn from the program that enhance and inform federal reform efforts.

“Fork in the Road: Alternative Paths to a High Performance U.S. Health System” – 06/ 2009 – Commonwealth Fund – Report looks at three versions of a healthcare system that uses exchanges and public options

“Public Health Insurance Plan: Should some uninsured Americans be able to enroll in a newly created, publicly administered health plan as the nation works to expand health insurance coverage?” – 11/2009 — Health Affairs Policy Brief / Robert Wood Johnson Foundation -The brief lays out the details of the plan, including who could enroll, who could receive subsidies to buy coverage, and the anticipated impact on health insurance premiums, and explores the key arguments for and against the public plan.

Analysis of Subsidies to and Payments by Enrollees in Insurance Exchanges Under the Affordable Health Care for America Act – 11/2009 — CBO

Health Reform Subsidy Calculator Tool — Premium Assistance for Coverage in Exchanges/Gateways — Kaiser Foundation illustrates premiums and government assistance under the types of reform proposals being considered in Congress for people under age 65 who purchase coverage on their own in an Exchange or Gateway and are not covered through their employer, Medicare or Medicaid.

Delivery System Reform
“Legislating Delivery System Reform: A 30,000-Foot View Of The 800-Pound Gorilla” – 2007 — Dr. William Sage, Health Affairs

“Can Accountable Care Organizations Improve the Value of Health Care by Solving the Cost and Quality Quandaries?” – 10/2009 – Urban Institute — Looks at ACOs as a mechanism for providing coordinated care that is high quality and cost-efficient. Examines the definition of an ACO, design and implementation issues, and opportunities and challenges with the concept.

“Implementing Comparative Effectiveness Research: Priorities, Methods, and Impact” – 06/2009 — An Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform and Hamilton Project Event Discussion Papers) – Brookings Institute

“A Macropolicy View of Comparative Effectiveness Research” – 01/2009 – Brookings Institute

“Comparative Effectiveness Annual Report to the President and Congress” – 2009 – Federal Coordinating Council for Comparative Effectiveness Research

“Prioritizing Comparative-Effectiveness Research” – 07/2009 — Institute of Medicine Recommendations – New England Journal of Medicine

“Research on the Comparative Effectiveness of Medical Treatments: Issues and Options for an Expanded Federal Role” – 12/2007 - Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

Tort Reform
Tort Reform Analysis – 10/2009 — CBO Hearing Before the Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations United States House of Representatives – Testimony by Linda J. Blumberg, Urban Institute – Testimony covers the health

“The Perverse Nature of the Medical Liability System” 03/2005 – Joint Economic Committee

Research Organization Websites
Brookings Institute — a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington, DC whose mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research rooted in open-minded inquiry and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations from scholars that represent diverse points of view.

The Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget/US Budget Watch — a bipartisan, non-profit organization committed to educating the public about issues that have significant fiscal policy impact.

Congressional Budget Office — CBO's mandate is to provide the Congress with objective, nonpartisan, and timely analyses to aid in economic and budgetary decisions on the wide array of programs covered by the federal budget and the information and estimates required for the Congressional budget process.

Council of Economic Advisers, Executive Office of the President — this agency is charged with offering the President objective economic advice on the formulation of both domestic and international economic policy and bases its recommendations and analysis on timely and authoritative economic research and empirical evidence.

Health Affairs — peer-reviewed, it is the leading journal of health policy thought and research.

Joint Committee on Taxation — bi-partisan Congressional Committee.

Kaiser Foundation — a non-profit, private operating foundation focusing on the major health care issues facing the U.S., as well as the U.S. role in global health policy.

OpenCRS — online site to find Congressional Research Service reports – not owned by CRS who works exclusively for the United States Congress, providing policy and legal analysis to committees and Members of both the House and Senate, regardless of party affiliation.

Urban Institute — non-partisan, independent, fact-based research and analysis.

Additional Resources
White House

United States Senate

United States House of Representatives

THOMAS, Library of Congress — provides federal legislative information to the public and includes information in Congress, Congressional Record schedules, calendars, committee information, presidential nominations, treaties, and more.